Another approach was to reanalyze examples that seem to violate some constraint in such a way that they no longer do. In the lexicon of a language, each word is represented in its underlying, or basic, form, which discounts all of the alternations in pronunciation that are predictable by phonological rules. Phonological rules in english and its application in teaching. Shimrondoes word naming involve graphemetophoneme translation.
Selected papers from the phonetics and phonology in iberia conference, mouton, new york. I discuss three experiments on the processing of nonwords of the form stvt, skvk and spvp in english that were designed to test these claims, and show that both claims are confirmed by the results of the experiments. But we also need to tell what the actual words of english are. Phonological rules in english and its application in teaching yang renying north china university of technology, beijing, china according to the requirements of the syllabus for the english majors in higher school, english majors should grasp some phonological skills so as to practice english sound in a better way. The english plural morpheme and the possessive suffixes can. Our analysis bears on a number of theoretical points. Cad constittutes the structural description sd of the rule, and cbd constitutes the structural change sc. This analysis of dissimilation has two important consequences. In contrast, in natural phonology, lexical representations are affected by a variety of natural phonological processes, and the surface phonological representation is the output of these processes.
Her 1988 journal article on the obligatory contour principle was important in extending the understanding and application of this principle in preoptimality theory phonology. Then, there are four types of sound change and four phonological rule of consonant sound. Processes that would create such a sequence are blocked. A phonological rule is a formal way of expressing a systematic phonological or morphophonological process or diachronic sound change in language. Research in phonological theory has traditionally limited the field of inquiry to. This asymmetry is explained by a universal constraint on phonological representations, the obligatory contour principle mccarthy, 1986. Phonological rules of english university of texas at dallas.
The rewrite rules we have given above are part of the grammar or syntax of english. The rejection of nonwords generated from novel roots with rootinitial gemination e. Also publications on the psychological reality of the phenomenon for native speakers of different languages will be dealt with. Three experiments examined whether this phonological constraint affects performance in a lexical decision task. Mccarthy 1 986 expresses the obligatory contour principle ocp in its naked form as. Phonological rule 6 voiceless stops and affricates are preceded by glottal stop after a vowel andat the end of a word. Yipthe obligatory contour principle and phonological rules. The harmony rules of four languages are examined in detail. But under 2a there will be only one low tone on the stem, and this low tone does not run the risk of becoming. See, for instance, odden 1986 who questions the existence of the tonal obligatory contour principle ocp based on the fact that there are many languages that tolerate adjacent high tones. Odden, david, on the role of the obligatory contour principle in phonological theory, language, 1986, 62. A sequence of two identical vowels must either be broken up by hiatus or coalesce into a long vowel. A loss of identity mccarthy 1986aj suggests that the obligatory contour principle henceforth ocp leben 1973 operates not only as a morpheme structure constraint but also during the derivation as a sort of output condition.
She retired in 2009 from university college london ucl. She earned her phd in linguistics in 1980 from mit. Obligatory contour principle in ewe tonal phonology the obligatory contour principle ocp, first proposed by leben 1973 states that identical tones cannot occur on adjacent sounds. Conversely, according to the pattern associator hypothesis, variables are obsolete. For example, there are phonological rules that will account for the variations in the placement of stress and the alternations of vowel quality that occur in. Gemination and antigemination pdf, linguistic inquiry, 1986, 17. A phoneme clustering algorithm based on the obligatory contour. Think about the difference between aspirated and unaspirated allophones once more. We could now wonder whether there are languages which have both 2a and 2b in their inventory of phonological structures. On the role of the obligatory contour principle in phonological theory david odden ohio state university in autosegmental phonology, a sequence of adjacent identical tones can be represented a as a single tone mapped onto multiple vowels, b as a onetoone mapping between multiple tones and vowels, or c as a combination of these extremes. A sounds that undergo the rule b result of the rule c environment where the rule applies a b c a becomes b in the environment c. Using feature notations, write rules for expressing the following phonological processes. Voiceless stop consonants are aspirated in stressed, syllableinitial position. Meeussens rule in bantu 3 autosegmental phonology that this is not possible.
While at ucl she also was codirector of the centre for human communication and proprovost for china. The obligatory contour principle ocp is a phonological hypothesis that states that certain consecutive identical features are banned in underlying representations. Moira yip simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Phonological rules how to solve a phonology problem work a problem readings. These requirements are expressed in various forms examples include the linecrossing pro hibition of goldsmith 1976, the notion adjacent elements in the obligatory contour principle leben 1973, goldsmith 1976, mccarthy 1981. Phonological rules in english and its application in. The obligatory contour principle universiteit utrecht. State in plain english what the following rules do. Exceptional sound systems the aim of modern phonological theory is to reveal underlying principles that explain language sound structure in the worlds languages. A loss of identity mccarthy 1986a suggests that the obligatory contour principle henceforth ocp leben 1973 operates not only as a morpheme structure constraint but also during the derivation as a sort of output condition. I in particular, he argues that if the application. We argue that bengali has a true phonological rule of phrasal stress assignment applying in neutral focus contexts. Phonological rules account for predictable properties of pronunciation have 3 parts.
Before taking up the position at ucl in 1999, she was professor of linguistics and acting dean. The ocp is most frequently cited when discussing the tones of tonal languages stating for example that the same morpheme may not have two underlying high tones, but it has also been applied. Guy, charles boberg skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Thus, the tonal sequence llh or hhl or ll or hh is prohibited in tone languages. The obligatory contour principle frequently abbreviated ocp is a hypothesis in autosegmental phonology that states that certain consecutive identical features are banned in underlying representations.
The obligatory contour principle frequently abbreviated ocp is a hypothesis in. Classification of phonological rules flashcards quizlet. Annual meetings on phonology linguistic society of america. Wordfinal consonants are deleted after an unstressed vowel. Assimilation a process by which a sound becomes more like a nearby sound. The lexicon is at least a list of words of the language, such as the following.
We argue that the bengali facts support a typology of intonational tones that includes only pitch accents and boundary tones, and that the docking sites for boundary tones are the phrase. He argued that identical adjacent tones should be treated as a. This paper proposes a phonological analysis of the bengali intonational system, using a descriptive framework developed by pierrehumbert 1980 and others. She retired from her position as professor of linguistics at university college london ucl in 2009. Phonological rules are commonly used in generative phonology as a notation to capture soundrelated operations and computations the human brain performs when producing or comprehending spoken language. Ocp obligatory contour principle c consonant vvowel rotb richness of the base cm comparative markedness tcot ot with targeted constraints op optimal paradigms spe the sound pattern of english chomsky and halle 1968 br basereduplicant io inputoutput oo outputoutput red reduplicant ct correspondence theory gp generative phonology rbp rule.
A new look at an old sociolinguistic variable rosalind a. Mental variables are central to symbolic accounts of cognition. The result of the study reveals three sound changes of vowels sound and four phonological rules. At ucl she also was codirector of the centre for human communication. Inherent variability and the obligatory contour principle. In phonology, the obligatory contour principle is a general principle stating that two identical features should not occur in succession examples.
Yip, moira 1988, the obligatory contour principle and phonological rules. We argue that the bengali facts support a typology of intonational tones that includes only pitch accents and boundary tones, and that the docking. The obligatory contour principle ocp forbids representations in which identical elements are adjacent. If the structural description is met, you apply that first rule and don. A vowel becomes short when it occurs before a consonant wordfinally, or before a consonant cluster. Moira yip the obligatory contour principle and phonological rules. Nonlinear phonology imposes strict requirements of locality on phonological rules. Contents 1 background considerations 2 history 3 debate. On the role of the obligatory contour principle in. A problem in autosegmental phonology one of the central constraints on autosegmental representations is the obligatory contour principle leben 1973, 1978. Moira yip the obligatory contour principle and phonological.
Obligatory contour principle effects in indoeuropean phonology. Phonological rules for english allophones a selection. If phonemes are not the actual sounds, what ate they. Phonological rules of english chapter 9 spau 3343, ut dallas william f. The sounds p,t,k for example share a phonetic feature they belong to the category plosive sounds. Inherent variability and the obligatory contour principle volume 9 issue 2 gregory r. The obligatory contour principle ocp leben 1973, goldsmith. The obligatory contour principle in the perception of english, in sonia frota, marina vigario, and maria joao freitas, eds. We can illustrate the difference between a phoneme and a phonetic segment, called a phone, by referring to the difference between oral and nasalized vowels in english. Evidence from the obligatory contour principle article in cognitive psychology 421.
Ocp effects in optimality theory scott myers university of texas may 10, 1994 email. We examine the representation of variables by investigating the obligatory contour principle ocp, mccarthy, 1986 in hebrew. Being the domain of this constraint, the root morpheme must form a separate constituent in the representation of hebrew words. Central to this analysis is the idea that all phonological processes are governed by a locality constraint which requires that two elements related in a phonological rule be adjacent at some level in the phonological representation. The obligatory contour principle and phonological rules. Obligatory contour principle in ewe tonal phonology.